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Here I will give you some explanation about pause-defined units.
a. The Structure of Information
In structure of information in Discourse, it focuses on the smallest units of discourse structure: small local units at the level of phrase or clause. We consider how information is packaged within such small structures and, particularly, what resources are available to speakers and writers for indicating to their addressees the status of information which is introduced into the discourse.[1]
b. Pause-defined units
c. Example of pause-defined units analysis
Source data which has been analyzed before to determine the interval of each paused units in discourse.
Mr. X : Halfway down the page (0,3) draw (0,6) a red (0,4) horizontal line (0,2) of about (0,5) two inches (16) on eh (1,1) the right hand side just above their line (1,9) in black (0,1) write ON (3,2).
Miss. Y : ON (3,4)
Mr. X : Above the line (1,4) draw (0,2) a black (0,65) triangle (1,0) ehm (1,9) a right angle (0,2) triangle (1,9) starting to the left (0,2) of the red line (1,0) about (0,9) half a centimetre above it (4,0)
In the previous example of pause types, defined in terms of relatives length can be identified:
Extended pauses
it extended from between 2,0 to 3,2 seconds. It is represented by (++).
Long pauses
these pause range from 1,0-1,9 seconds in the extract. It is represented by (+)
Short pauses
these pause range between 0,1-0,6 seconds in this extract. It is represented by (-).
The result will be like this:
Mr. X : Halfway down the page (-) draw (-) a red (-) horizontal line (-) of about (-) two inches (++) on eh (+) the right hand side just above their line (+) in black (-) write ON (++).
Miss. Y : ON (++)
Mr. X : Above the line (+) draw (-) a black (+) triangle (+) ehm (+) a right angle (-) triangle (+) starting to the left (-) of the red line (+) about (+) half a centimetre above it (+)
[1] Gillian Brown and George Yule. Discourse Analysis. Page 153
[2] Gillian Brown and George Yule. Discourse Analysis. Page 160
[3] http://www.solki.jyu.fi/apples/020201/The_functional_irrhythmicality_of_spontaneous_speech.htm browsed on Friday 22 June 2012.
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| Pause-Defined Units |
I'm about to explain and give example of pause-defined units analysis in Discourse. Read the following article, it is made by me and my friends and also this is our final project to finish our lecture in Discourse Analysis class.
If you want to get our final project soft-file. you may download. here
the password is:harrythewise.blogspot.com
Here I will give you some explanation about pause-defined units.
Chapter 2
Theoretical Background
a. The Structure of Information
In structure of information in Discourse, it focuses on the smallest units of discourse structure: small local units at the level of phrase or clause. We consider how information is packaged within such small structures and, particularly, what resources are available to speakers and writers for indicating to their addressees the status of information which is introduced into the discourse.[1]
b. Pause-defined units
People working on intonation in discourse have found a problem with the principled identification of tone groups by phonological criteria alone and have resorted to working with units bounded by pauses in the stream of speech (for example, Chafe, 1979; Brown, Currie and Kenworthy, 1980; Butterworth, 1980; Dease, 1980).[2]
Adopted by Crystal (1969), Halliday (1967, 1994) or Brown at al. 1980, Crystal and Halliday allow for more than one tone per tone-unit, and allow pauses to occur within tone-units. Brown at all, used the concept of the pause-defined unit. So, analyses using their approaches would have resulted in fewer or longer tone-units.[3]
At first glance, seem a rather precarious undertaking, because of the use of pause phenomena as a basis for building an analysis of chunking in spoken discourse. The number and duration of pauses used by a speaker will obviously vary according to his rate of speech. It would be, unlikely then, that one particular pause length, say one second, would have a single function for all speakers in all speech situations. However, working with pause will provide one obvious advantage that is they are readily identifiable and, apart from the very briefest planning pauses, it has no difficulty in agreeing on their location.
In an investigation of this type, it is important to choose the data used in the investigation so that you can generalize across speakers. A further practical point is that you should work initially on data which, believed, will result regular units which you will be able to recognize.
c. Example of pause-defined units analysis
Source data which has been analyzed before to determine the interval of each paused units in discourse.
Mr. X : Halfway down the page (0,3) draw (0,6) a red (0,4) horizontal line (0,2) of about (0,5) two inches (16) on eh (1,1) the right hand side just above their line (1,9) in black (0,1) write ON (3,2).
Miss. Y : ON (3,4)
Mr. X : Above the line (1,4) draw (0,2) a black (0,65) triangle (1,0) ehm (1,9) a right angle (0,2) triangle (1,9) starting to the left (0,2) of the red line (1,0) about (0,9) half a centimetre above it (4,0)
In the previous example of pause types, defined in terms of relatives length can be identified:
Extended pauses
it extended from between 2,0 to 3,2 seconds. It is represented by (++).
Long pauses
these pause range from 1,0-1,9 seconds in the extract. It is represented by (+)
Short pauses
these pause range between 0,1-0,6 seconds in this extract. It is represented by (-).
The result will be like this:
Mr. X : Halfway down the page (-) draw (-) a red (-) horizontal line (-) of about (-) two inches (++) on eh (+) the right hand side just above their line (+) in black (-) write ON (++).
Miss. Y : ON (++)
Mr. X : Above the line (+) draw (-) a black (+) triangle (+) ehm (+) a right angle (-) triangle (+) starting to the left (-) of the red line (+) about (+) half a centimetre above it (+)
[1] Gillian Brown and George Yule. Discourse Analysis. Page 153
[2] Gillian Brown and George Yule. Discourse Analysis. Page 160
[3] http://www.solki.jyu.fi/apples/020201/The_functional_irrhythmicality_of_spontaneous_speech.htm browsed on Friday 22 June 2012.
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